The required knowledge and understanding of each course and the skills mastered by the students before graduation

• A. Target specification
• B. Objective
• C. Outcome
• D. Non-fiction

Answer: (B)

The main idea here is identifying the planned learning goals a course sets for what students should know, understand, and be able to do by graduation. Those statements are called objectives. They describe the knowledge and skills students are expected to master and are written so teachers can measure whether those goals are met, guiding both instruction and assessment.

A target specification is about detailing what will be tested and the criteria for judging performance, rather than outlining the learning goals themselves. An outcome refers to what students actually achieve after instruction, not the intended goals set before learning begins. Non-fiction isn’t related to learning objectives at all. So the best fit for describing the required knowledge, understanding, and skills students should master by graduation is the objective.